Selected Bibliography

Public Safety & Personnel Selection including these tests:

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory^® (MMPI-2™/MMPI^®)
Sixteen Personality Factor™ (16PF^®)

Revised August 2007

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2/MMPI) Test

Aitken, R. C., Daly, R. J., Lister, J. A. & O'Connor, P. J. (1971). Treatment of flying phobia in aircrew. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 25, 530–542.

Anthony, N. (1971). Comparison of clients' standard, exaggerated, and matching MMPI profiles. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 36, 100–103.

Archibald, H. C., Parker, D. E., Smith, M. K. & Tuddenham, R. D. (1969). Who seeks treatment? Journal of Psychology, 72, 151–157.

Arima, J. K. (1967). Differentiation of soldier reactions to severe environmental stress by MMPI and other variables. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 27, 617–630.

Arvey, R. D., Mussio, S. J. & Payne, G. (1972). Relationships between MMPI scores and job performance measures of fire fighters. Psychological Reports, 31, 199–202.

Ashbrook, J. B. & Powell, R. K. (1967). Comparison of graduating and nongraduating theological students on the MMPI. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 14, 171–174.

Axelrod, B. N. & Milner, I. B. (1997). Neuropsychological findings in a sample of Operation Desert Storm veterans. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 9, 23–28.

Azen, S. P., et al. (1974). Predictors of resignation and performance of law enforcement officers. American Journal of Community Psychology, 2, 79–86.

Azen, S. P., Snibbe, H. M. & Montgomery, H. R. (1973). A longitudinal predictive study of success and performance of law enforcement officers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 190–192.

Baer, D. J. & Moynihan, J. F. (1964). Stepwise discriminant-function analysis of seminary-candidate MMPI scores. Journal of Psychology, 58, 413–419.

Bagby, R. M., Rogers, R., Nicholson, R., Buis, T. & et al. (1997). Does clinical training facilitate feigning schizophrenia on the MMPI-2? Psychological Assessment, 9, 106–112.

Barefoot, J. C., Dahlstrom, W. G. & Williams, R. B. (1983). Hostility, CHD incidence, and total mortality: A 25-yr follow-up study of 255 physicians. Psychosomatic Medicine, 45, 59–63.

Barron, F., Block, J., MacKinnon, D. W. & Woodworth, D. G. (1958). An assessment study of air force officers: Part III, Assessment correlates of criteria of officer effectiveness. USAF Wright Air Development Center Technical Report. No. 58-91 (WADC-TR-58-91(III)) 48.

Bartol, C. R. (1982). Psychological characteristics of small-town police officers. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 10, 58–63.

Bartol, C. R. (1991). Predictive validation of the MMPI for small-town police officers who fail. Professional Psychology - Research & Practice, 22, 127–132.

Bartol, C. R., Bergen, G. T., Volckens, J. S. & Knoras, K. M. (1992). Women in small-town policing: Job performance and stress. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 19, 240–259.

Bass, A. R. & Fiedler, F. E. (1961). Interpersonal perception scores and their components as predictors of personal adjustment. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 62, 442–445.

Batsis, T. M. (1993). Roman Catholic vocation directors' attitudes regarding psychological assessment of seminary and religious order applicants. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice & Research, 45, 25–30.

Benson, J. W. & Aitken, J. R. (1985). Psychological differences noted in aircrewmembers undergoing systematic desensitization and their subsequent functioning. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 56, 238–241.

Bernstein, I. H. (1980). Security guards' MMPI profiles: Some normative data. Journal of Personality Assessment, 44, 377–380.

Bernstein, I. H., Schoenfeld, L. S. & Costello, R. M. (1982). Truncated component regression, multicollinearity and the MMPI's use in a police officer selection setting. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 17, 99–116.

Beutler, L. E., et al. (1985). Parameters in the prediction of police officer performance. Professional Psychology - Research & Practice, 16, 324–335.

Beutler, L. E., Nussbaum, P. D. & Meredith, K. E. (1988). Changing personality patterns of police officers. Professional Psychology - Research & Practice, 19, 503–507.

Bieliauskas, L. A. (1980). Life events, 17-OHCS measures, and psychological defensiveness in relation to aid-seeking. Journal of Human Stress, 6, 28–36.

Biersner, R. J. & Cameron, B. J. (1970). Betting preferences and personality characteristics of navy divers. Aerospace Medicine, 41, 1289–1291.

Black, F. (1975). Personality characteristics of Viet Nam veterans identified as heroin abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 748–749.

Blaustein, M. & Proctor, W. C. (1977). The active duty conscientious objector: A psychiatric psychological evaluation. Military Medicine, 142, 619–621.

Bloom, W. (1977). Relevant MMPI norms for young adult Air Force trainees. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 505–510.

Bloom, W. (1983). Changes made, lessons learned after mental health screening. Military Medicine, 148, 889–890.

Borum, R. & Stock, H. V. (1993). Detection of deception in law enforcement applicants: A preliminary investigation. Law & Human Behavior, 17, 157–166.

Boyce, T.N. (1989).  Psychological screening for high-risk police specialization.  Dissertation Abstracts International,  50(2), 360

Braatz, G. A., Lumry, G. K. & Wright, M. S. (1971). The young veteran as a psychiatric patient in three eras of conflict. Newsletter for Research in Psychology, 13, 3–4.

Bramsen, I., Dirkzwager, A. & Van der Ploeg, H. M. (2000). Predeployment personality traits and exposure to trauma as predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms: a prospective study of former peacekeepers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1115–1119.

Brems, C. & Schlottmann, R. S. (1988). Gender-bound definitions of mental health. Journal of Psychology, 122, 5–14.

Bringmann, W. G., Balance, W. D. & Giesbrecht, C. A. (1972). The computer vs. the technologist: Comparison of psychological reports on normal and elevated MMPI profiles. Psychological Reports, 31, 211–217.

Briskin, G. J. & Stennis, J. W. (1957). Improving predictability of the MMPI. United States Armed Forces Medical Journal, 8, 539–543.

Brodsky, S. L. (1968). Excessive dispensary users in the military prison. Military Medicine, 133, 368–371.

Brodsky, S. L., Mehaffey, T. D. & Rhoads, R. H. (1965). Biographical and psychodiagnostic dimensions of behavioral adjustment to the military prison. Military Medicine, 130, 480–484.

Brozek, J. & Taylor, H. L. (1958). Psychological effects of maintenance on survival rations. American Journal of Psychology, 71, 517–528.

Burbeck, E. & Furnham, A.(1985).  Police officer selection: A critical review of the literature.  Journal of Police Science & Administration,  13(1), 58–69.

Burke, H. R. & Mayer, S. (1985). The MMPI and the post-traumatic stress syndrome in Vietnam era veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 152–156.

Butcher, J. N., Jeffrey, T., Cayton, T. G., Colligan, S., DeVore, J. & Minnegawa, R. (1990). A study of active duty military personnel with the MMPI-2. Military Psychology, 2(1), 47–61.

Butcher, J. N., Morfitt, R. C., Rouse, S. V. & Holden, R. R. (1997). Reducing MMPI-2 defensiveness: The effect of specialized instructions on retest validity in a job applicant sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(2), 385–401.

Butcher, J.N. (1994).  Psychological assessment of airline pilot applicants with the MMPI-2.  Journal of Personality Assessment,  62(1), 31–44.

Caddy, G. R. & Kretchmer, R. S. (1980). Evaluation of the alternate leaderless group in a military psychiatric hospital. Handbook of International Sociometry, 33, 33–46.

Caldwell, J. A., O'Hara, C., Caldwell, J. L., Stephens, R. L., et al (1993). Personality profiles of U.S. Army helicopter pilots screened for special operations duty. Military Psychology, 5, 187–199.

Callan, J. P. (1972). An attempt to use the MMPI as a predictor of failure in military training. British Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 553–557.

Campbell, H. G., Clarkson, Q. D. & Sinsabaugh, L. L. (1977). MMPI identification of nonrehabilitants among disabled veterans. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 266–269.

Campos, L. P. (1989). Adverse impact, unfairness, and bias in the psychological screening of Hispanic peace officers. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 11, 122–135.

Carbone, E. G., Cigrang, J. A., Todd, S. L. & Fiedler, E. R. (1999). Predicting outcome of military basic training for individuals referred for psychological evaluation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 72, 256–265.

Cardwell, S. W. (1967). The MMPI as a predictor of success among seminary students. Ministry Studies, 1, 3–20.

Cardwell, S. W. (1982). Why women fail/succeed in ministry: Psychological factors. Pastoral Psychology, 30, 153–162.

Carleton, F. O., Burke, L. K., Klieger, W. A. & Drucker, A. J. (1957). Validation of the Army Personality Inventory against a military adjustment criterion. United States Army Tago Personnel Research Branch Technical Research Note, 71, 13.

Carpenter, B. N. & Raza, S. M. (1987). Personality characteristics of police applicants: Comparisons across subgroups and with other populations. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 15, 10–17.

Cattell, R. B. & Bolton, L. S. (1969). What pathological dimensions lie beyond the normal dimensions of the 16 PF? A comparison of MMPI and 16 PF factor domains. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 33, 18–29.

Cigrang, J. A. & Staal, M. A. (2001). Readmistration of the MMPI-2 following defensive invalidation in a military job applicant sample. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76, 472–481.

Clark, J. H. (1952). The relationship between MMPI scores and psychiatric classification of army general prisoners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 86–89.

Clark, J. H. (1953). Additional applications of the AWOL recidivist scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 9, 62–64.

Clopton, J. R. & Klein, G. L. (1978). An initial look at the redundancy of specialized MMPI scales. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 46, 1436–1438.

Coie, J. D., Costanzo, P. R. & Cox, G. (1975). Behavioral determinants of mental illness concerns: A comparison of "gatekeeper" professions. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 43, 626–636.

Conger, J. J., Gaskilln, H. S., Glad, D. D., Rainey, R. V., Sawrery, W. L. & Turrell, E. S. (1957). Personal and interpersonal factors in motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 113, 1069–1074.

Cook, E. B. & Wherry, R. J. (1950). A factor analysis of MMPI and aptitude test data. Journal of Applied Psychology, 34, 260–265.

Cortina, J. M., Doherty, M. L., Schmitt, N., Kaufman, G., et al. (1992). The "Big Five" personality factors in the IPI and MMPI: Predictors of police performance. Personnel Psychology, 45, 119–140.

Costello, R. M. & Schoenfeld, L. S. (1981). Time-related effects on MMPI profiles of police academy recruits. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 518–522.

Costello, R. M., Schneider, S. L. & Schoenfeld, L. S. (1993). Applicants' fraud in law enforcement. Psychological Reports, 73, 179–183.

Costello, R. M., Schneider, S. L. & Schoenfeld, L. S. (1996). Validation of a preemployment MMPI index correlated with disciplinary suspension days of police officers. Psychology Crime & Law, 2, 299–306.

Costello, R. M., Schoenfeld, L. S. & Kobos, J. (1982). Police applicant screening: An analogue study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 216–221.

Crovitz, E., Huse, M. N. & Lewis, D. E. (1973). Selection of physician's assistants. Journal of Medical Education, 48, 551–555.

Crumpton, E. & Cantor, J. (1960). A factor analytic study of Barron's Ego Strength Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 283–291.

Crumpton, E. & Mutalipassi, L. R. (1972). The veteran NP patient: past and present. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 94–101.

Cuadra, C. A. & Reed, C. F. (1957). Prediction of psychiatric aide performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 41, 195–197.

Dauw, D. C. (1966). Research on religious who wish to change careers. Insight: Quarterly Review of Religion and Mental Health, 4, 24–30.

Davids, A. & Eriksen, C. W. (1957). Some social and cultural factors determining relations between authoritarianism and measures of neuroticism. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 155–160.

Dembert, M. L., Mooney, L. W., Ostfeld, A. M. & Lacroix, P. G. (1983). Multiphasic health profiles of Navy divers. Undersea Biomedical Research, 10, 45–61.

Dralle, P. W. & Baybrook, R. M. (1985). Screening of police applicants: A replication of a 5-item MMPI research index validity study. Psychological Reports, 57, 1031–1034.

Eberly, R. E., Harkness, A. R. & Engdahl, B. E. (1991). An adaptational view of trauma response as illustrated by the prisoner of war experience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 4, 363–380.

Edwards, D., Bucky, S. F. & Schuckit, M. (1977). Personality and attitudinal change for alcoholics treated at the Navy's Alcohol Rehabilitation Center. Journal of Community Psychology, 5, 180–185.

Egeland, B., Erickson, M. F., Butcher, J. N. & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1991). MMPI-2 profiles of women at risk for child abuse. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 254–263.

Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. & Lutzker, D. R. (1962). Psychological reactions to infantry basic training. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26, 103–104.

Elhai, J. D., Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B., Gold, S. N. & Hamner, M. B. (2000). Clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder across trauma populations: A comparison of MMPI-2 profiles of combat veterans and adult survivors of child sexual abuse. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 188, 708–713.

Elhai, J. D., Gold, P. B., Frueh, B. C. & Gold, S. N. (2000). Cross-validation of the MMPI-2 in detecting malingered posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75, 449–463.

Elliott, L. L. (1962). Effects of item construction and respondent aptitude on response acquiescence. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 21, 405–415.

Erickson, J. M. & Edwards, D. (1973). The disposition and organizational effectiveness of personality disorders in a military setting.  Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 8, 733–734.

Fenster, C. A. & Locke, B. (1973). Patterns of masculinity-femininity among college- and noncollege-oriented police officers: an empirical approach. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 29, 27–28.

Fields, S. J. (1958). Personality inventory profiles during and after real life stress. Journal of Medical Education, 33, 221–224.

Fillenbaum, S. (1959). Some stylistic aspects of categorizing behavior. Journal of Personality, 27, 187–195.

Fine, B. J. & Sweeney, D. R. (1968). Personality traits, and situational factors, and catecholamine excretion. Journal of Experimental Research in Psychology, 3, 15–27.

Fine, B. J. (1961). Welsh's internalization ratio as a behavioral index. Journal of Applied Psychology, 45, 117–119.

Fine, B. J. (1968). Personality traits as related to symptomatology and running performance at altitude under normal and drug (acetazoleamide) conditions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 27, 975–990.

Flynn, C. F., Sipes, W. E., Grosenbach, M. J. & Ellsworth, J. (1994). Top performer survey: Computerized psychological assessment in aircrew. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 65(5), A39–A44.

Ford, C. V. & Spaulding, R. C. (1973). The Pueblo incident: a comparison of factors related to coping with extreme stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 29, 340–343.

Foy, D. W., Sipprelle, R. C., Rueger, D. B. & Carroll, E. M. (1984). Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Vietnam veterans: Analysis of premilitary, military, and combat exposure influences. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 52, 79–87.

Frances, R. J., Bucky, S. & Alexopoulos, G. S. (1984). Outcome study of familial and nonfamilial alcoholism. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1469–1471.

Frances, R. J., Timm, S. & Bucky, S. (1980). Studies of familial and nonfamilial alcoholism: I. Demographic studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 564–566.

Frecska, E., Lukacs, H., Arato, M., Mod, L., et al. (1988). Dexamethasone suppression test and coping behavior in psychosocial stress. Psychiatry Research, 23, 137–145.

Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B. & de Arellano, M. A. (1997). Symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for PTSD: Differentiation on the basis of compensation seeking status. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 369–384.

Frueh, B. C., Gold, P. B., de Arellano, M. A. & Brady, K. L. (1997). A racial comparison of combat veterans evaluated for PTSD. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 692–702.

Frueh, B. C., Hamner, M. B., Cahill, S. P., Gold, P. B. & Hamlin, K. L. (2000). Apparent symptom overreporting in combat veterans evaluated for PTSD. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 853–885.

Frueh, B. C., Smith, D. W. & Barker, S. E. (1996). Compensation seeking status and psychometric assessment of combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 427–440.

Fulkerson, S. C. & Sells, S. B. (1958). Adaptation of the MMPI for aeromedical practice norms for military pilots. United States Air Force School of Aviation Medicine Report, 58–128, 6.

Fulkerson, S. C. (1957). Adaptability screening of flying personnel: research on the MMPI. United States Air Force School of Aviation Medicine Report, 57–106, 17.

Fulkerson, S. C. (1960). Individual differences in reaction to failure-induced stress. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 60, 136–139.

Ganellen, R. J. (1994). Attempting to conceal psychological disturbance: MMPI defensive response sets and the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 423–437.

Garetz, F. K. & Garetz, D. (1974). The relationship of achievement of psychiatrists to their personal adjustment as residents. Psychiatric Quarterly, 48, 421–432.

Garetz, F. K. & Tierney, R. W. (1962). Personality variables in army officer candidates. Military Medicine, 127, 669–672.

Garfinkel, P. E. & Waring, E. M. (1981). Personality, interests, and emotional disturbance in psychiatric residents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 51–55.

Garrard, J. & Weber, R. G. (1974). Comparison of three- and four-year medical school graduates. Journal of Medical Education, 49, 547–553.

Gass, C. S. (1991). Emotional variables and neuropsychological test performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 100–104.

Gayton, W. F., Burchstead, G. N. & Matthews, G. R. (1986). An investigation of the utility of an MMPI posttraumatic stress disorder subscale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 916–917.

Geist, C. R. & Boyd, S. T. (1980). Personality characteristics of Army helicopter pilots. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 51, 253–254.

Geron, E. & Dunkelman, N. (1982). The influence of war injury as a postwar stress factor and of sport rehabilitation on the personality of paraplegic war veterans. Series in Clinical & Community Psychology: Stress & Anxiety, 8, 385–388.

Glaser, R. (1951). Predicting achievement in medical school. Journal of Applied Psychology, 35, 272–274.

Gold, E. M. & Hoffman, P. J. (1976). Flange detection cluster analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 11, 217–235.

Golden, J. S., Marchionne, A. M. & Silver, R. J. (1967). Fifty medical students: a comparison with "normals". Journal of Medical Education, 42, 146–152.

Gomes-Schwartz, B. & Schwartz, J. M. (1978). Psychotherapy process variables distinguishing the inherently helpful person from the professional psychotherapist. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 46, 196–197.

Goorney, A. B. (1970). MPI and MMPI scores, correlations and analysis for a military aircrew population. British Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 9, 164–170.

Goorney, A. B. (1970). Psychological measures in aircrew. Aerospace Medicine, 41, 87–91.

Goorney, A. B. (1970). Treatment of aviation phobias by behaviour therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 117, 535–544.

Goring, P. (1980). A personality comparison of evangelical seminarians, Catholic nuns, and university graduates in a Colombian setting. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 8, 323–327.

Gottheil, E., Kramer, M. & Hurvich, M. S. (1966). Intake procedures and psychiatric decisions. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 7, 207–215.

Gough, H. G. (1967). Nonintellectual factors in the selection and evaluation of medical students. Journal of Medical Education, 42, 642–650.

Gowan, J. C. (1955). Relation of the "K" scale of the MMPI to the teaching personality. California Journal of Educational Research, 6, 208–212.

Graves, B. C. (1963). Predicting air force recidivism by the MMPI test-retest. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Air Force Clinical Psychologists, 4, 60–74.

Grevin, F. (1996). Posttraumatic stress disorder, ego defense mechanisms, and empathy among urban paramedics. Psychological Reports, 79, 483–495.

Grossman, L. S., Haywood, T. W., Ostrov, E. & Wasyliw, O. (1990). Sensitivity of MMPI validity scales to motivational factors in psychological evaluations of police officers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55, 549–561.

Gynther, M. D. & Kempson, J. O. (1962). Seminarians and clinical pastoral training: a follow-up study. Journal of Social Psychology, 56, 9–14.

Hampton, P. T. & Vogel, D. B. (1973). Personality characteristics of servicemen returned from Viet Nam identified as heroin abusers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 1031–1032.

Hargrave, G. E. & Hiatt, D. (1987). Law enforcement selection with the interview, MMPI, and CPI: A study of reliability and validity. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 15, 110–117.

Hargrave, G. E. (1985). Using the MMPI and CPI to screen law enforcement applicants: A study of reliability and validity of clinicians' decisions. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 13, 221–224.

Hargrave, G. E., Hiatt, D. & Gaffney, T. W. (1986). A comparison of MMPI and CPI test profiles for traffic officers and deputy sheriffs. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 14, 250–258.

Hargrave, G. E., Hiatt, D. & Gaffney, T. W. (1988). F+4+9+Cn: An MMPI measure of aggression in law enforcement officers and applicants. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 16, 268–273.

Hargrave, G.E., Hiatt, D., Ogard, E.M. & Karr, C.  (1994).  Comparison of the MMPI and the MMPI-2 for a sample of peace officers.  Psychological Assessment,  6(1), 27–32.

Hartman, B. (1987).  Psychological screening of law enforcement candidates.  American Journal of Forensic Psychology,  5(1), 5–10.

Hays, J. (1997). Note on concurrent validation of the Personality Assessment Inventory in law enforcement. Psychological Reports, 81, 244–246.

Hedlund, D. E. (1965). A review of the MMPI in industry. Psychological Reports, 17, 875–889.

Hewer, V. H. (1956). A comparison of successful and unsuccessful students in the medical school at the University of Minnesota. Journal of Applied Psychology, 40, 164–168.

Hiatt, D. & Hargrave, G. E. (1988). MMPI profiles of problem peace officers. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 722–731.

Hiatt, D. & Hargrave, G. E. (1988). Predicting job performance problems with psychological screening. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 16, 122–135.

Hiatt, D. & Hargrave, G. E. (1994). Psychological assessment of gay and lesbian law enforcement applicants. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 80–88.

Hilakivi, I., Alihanka, J., Airikkala, P. & Laitinen, L. (1992). Alertness and sleep in young men during military service. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 86, 616–621.

Hiley-Young, B., Blake, D. D., Abueg, F. R. & Rozynko, V. (1995). Warzone violence in Vietnam: An examination of premilitary, military, and postmilitary factors in PTSD in-patients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 125–141.

Holland, T. R., Heim, R. B. & Holt, N. (1976). Personality patterns among correctional officer applicants. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 786–791.

Honaker, L. (1986). Perceived validity of computer- versus clinician-generated MMPI reports. Computers in Human Behavior, 2, 77–83.

Hooke, J. F. & Krauss, H. H. (1971). Personality characteristics of successful police sergeant candidates. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology & Police Science,  62, 104–106.

Hundleby, J. D. & Connor, W. H. (1968). Interrelationships between personality inventories: the 16 PF, the MMPI and the MPI. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 32, 152–157.

Inwald, R. E. & Shusman, E. J. (1984). Personality and performance sex differences of law enforcement officer recruits. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 12, 339–347.

Inwald, R. E. & Shusman, E. J. (1984). The IPI and MMPI as predictors of academy performance for police recruits. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 12, 1–11.

Inwald, R. E., Hurwitz, H. & Kaufman, J. C. (1991). Uncertainty reduction in retail and public safety-private security screening. Forensic Reports, 4, 171–212.

Ironside, W. (1958). Medical students and the MMPI. Journal of the American Medical Association, 168, 433.

Ironside, W. (1966). Psychiatric morbidity in medical students of four successive fifth-year classes New Zealand Medical Journal, 65, 752–754.

Ironside, W. (1966). The incidence of psychiatric illness in a group of New Zealand medical students. Journal of the American College Health Association, 15, 50–53.

Jamner, L.D., Shapiro, D., Goldstein, I.B. & Hug, R. (1991). Ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in paramedics: Effects of cynical hostility and defensiveness. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 393–406.

Jansen, D.G. & Garvey, F.J.  (1973). High-, average- and low-rated clergymen in a state hospital clinical program. Journal of Clinical Psychology., 29, 89–92.

Jenkins, T. N. (1962). Efficiency of the Jenkins Global Personality Inventory. Journal of Psychological Studies, 13, 11–20.

Johnson, E. E. (1983). Psychological tests used in assessing a sample of police and fire fighter candidates. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 11, 430–433.

Johnson, L. C., Pollard, J. A. & Plag, J. A. (1967). Predicting the acadmic performance of Navy hospital corpsmen. U, Navy Medical Neuropsychiatric Research Unit Report. pp 9.

Jurjevich, R. M. (1966). Short interval test-retest stability of MMPI, California Psychological Inventory, Cornell Index, and Symptom Check List. Journal of General Psychology, 74, 201–206.

Kania, W. (1967). Healthy defensiveness in theological students. Ministry Studies, 1, 3–20.

Kelley, P. L., Jacobs, R. R. & Farr, J. L. (1994). Effects of multiple administrations of the MMPI for employee screening. Personnel Psychology, 47, 575–591.

King, P., Norrell, G. & Erlandson, F. L. (1959). The prediction of academic success in a police administration curriculum. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 19, 649–651.

Kleiman, L. S. & Gordon, M. E. (1986). An examination of the relationship between police training academy performance and job performance. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 14, 293–299.

Knapp, R. R. (1959). The validity in a military setting of MMPI scales of dominance and social responsibility. Naval Medical Field Research Laboratory Report, 9, 303–316.

Knehr, C. A. & Kohl, R. N. (1959). MMPI screening of entering medical students. Journal of Psychology, 47, 297–304.

 Kornfeld, A.D. (1995).  Police officer candidate MMPI-2 performance: Gender, ethnic, and normative factors.  Journal of Clinical Psychology,  51(4), 536–540.

Kornfeld, A.D. (2000).  Harris-Lingoes MMPI-2 Pd subscales and the assessment of law enforcement candidates.  Psychological Reports,  86(1), 339–343.

Langston, R. D. (1970). The MMPI and perseverance in the convent. Psychological Reports, 27, 811–814.

Leon, G. (1990). Coping patterns and current functioning in a group of Vietnam and Vietnam-era nurses. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 9, 334–353.

Levitt, E. A. (1975). Procedural issues in the systematic desensitization of air-travel phobia. New Zealand Psychologist, 4, 2–9.

MacPhillamy, D. J. (1986). Some personality effects of long-term Zen monasticism and religious understanding. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 25, 304–319.

Mann, J., Stenning, W. & Borman, C. (1992). The utility of the MMPI-2 with pedophiles. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 18, 59–74.

Martin, W. R., Hewett, B. B., Baker, A. J. & Haertzen, C. A. (1977). Aspects of the psychopathology and pathophysiology of addiction.  Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2, 185–202.

Matarazzo, J. D. (1955). MMPI validity scores as a function of increasing levels of anxiety. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19, 213–217.

Matarazzo, J. D., Allen, B. V., Saslow, G. & Wiens, A. N. (1964). Characteristics of successful policemen and firemen applicants. Journal of Applied Psychology, 48, 123–133.

Mayo, G. D. & Guttman, I. (1959). Faking in a vocational classification situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43, 117–121.

McConahay, J. B. (1971). Psychological testing in evaluation and guidance of seminary students. Theological Education, 7, 109–120.

McCraw, R. K. & Bearden, D. L. (1990). Personality factors in failure to adapt to the military. Military Medicine, 155, 127–130.

McDonald, R. L. (1962). Personality characteristics of freshman medical students as depicted by the Leary system. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100, 313–323.

Merbaum, M. & Hefez, A. (1976). Some personality characteristics of soldiers exposed to extreme war stress. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 44, 1–6.

Merian, E. M., Stefan, D., Schoenfeld, L. S. & Kobos, J. C. (1980). Screening of police applicants: A 5-item MMPI research index. Psychological Reports, 47, 155–158.

Mitchell, R. E., Matthews, J. R., Grandy, T. G. & Lupo, J. V. (1983). The question of stress among first-year medical students. Journal of Medical Education, 58, 367–372.

Mitskene, V. (1992). Diagnosis of neuroticism by means of psychological tests. Journal of Russian & East European Psychiatry, 25, 14–18.

Morel, K. R. (1998). Development and preliminary validation of a forced-choice test of a response bias for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 70, 299–314.

Moriconi, D.M. & Martinez, J.C. (1995).  Roles of hypomania and intelligence in antisocial practices when self-esteem and family problems are considered.  Psychological Reports,  76(2), 435–442.

Murray, J. B. (1958). Personality study of priests and seminarians. Homiletic & Pastoral Review, 49, 443–447.

Murray, J. B. (1966). Follow-up of personality scores of seminarians, seven years later. Catholic Psychological Record, 4, 10–19.

Murrell, M. E. & Lester, D. (1979). Masculinity in police officers. Psychological Reports, 44, 14.

Nathan, R. G., Nixon, F. E., Bairnsfather, L. & Allen, J. H. (1989). A comparison of students in six-year and traditional eight-year medical school programs on measures of personality and stress early in medical school. Academic Medicine, 64, 690.

Nauss, A. (1973). The ministerial personality: Myth or reality? Journal of Religion & Health, 12, 77–96.

Neal, L. A., Busuttil, W., Rollins, J. & Herepath, R. (1994). Convergent validity of measures of post-traumatic stress disorder in a mixed military and civilian population. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 447–455.

Nichols, N. (1967). Effects of medical education on anxiety in students. Mental Hygiene, 51, 74–79.

Palomo, F. & Wauck, L. (1968). Personality adjustment of minor seminarians and of Catholic high school seniors. National Catholic Guidance Conference Journal, 12, 253–256.

Parkkola, K., Tuominen, J. & Piha, J. (1997). The life change inventory and the MMPI depression subscale in predicting failure in the compulsory conscript service. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 371–377.

Pasnau, R. O. & Bayley, S. J. (1971). Personality changes in the first year of psychiatric residency training. American Journal of Psychiatry, 128, 79–84.

Patrick, J. (1990). Assessment of narcissistic psychopathology in the clergy. Pastoral Psychology, 38, 173–180.

Penk, W. E. (1981). Adjustment differences among male substance abusers varying in degree of combat experience in Vietnam. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 49, 426–437.

Petrucci, R. J. & Wheelan, S. A. (1979). The planned change model of personal growth on medical students' attitude toward self. Journal of Medical Education, 54, 342–343.

Plante, T.G., Manuel, G. & Bryant, C. (1996).  Personality and cognitive functioning among hospitalized sexual offending Roman Catholic priests.  Pastoral Psychology,  45(2), 129–139.

Plante, T.G., Manuel, G. & Tandez, J. (1996).  Personality characteristics of successful applicants to the priesthood.  Pastoral Psychology,  45(1), 29–40.

Putnam, S.H., Kurtz, J.E. & Houts, D.C.  (1996).  Four-month test-retest reliability of the MMPI-2 with normal male clergy.  Journal of Personality Assessment,  67(2), 341–353.

Rapaport, G. M. (1958). "Ideal self" instructions, MMPI profile changes, and the prediction of clinical improvement. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 459–463.

Richards, J. M. Jr. (1974). Predicting performance in a combined undergraduate and medical education program. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34, 923–931.

Richards, T. (1952). Personality of the convulsive patient in military service. Psychological Monographs, 66, 14–23.

Riddle, R.E. (2000).  The relationship between burnout, death anxiety and aggression in police officers.  Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering,  60(9), 4562

Roessler, R. (1978). Cognitive and noncognitive variables in the prediction of preclinical performance. Journal of Medical Education, 53, 678–680.

Rooney, J. J. (1967). Problems of interpretation: A commentary. Ministry Studies, 1, 21–24.

Rosen, A. C. & Golden, J. S. (1975). The encounter-sensitivity training group as an adjunct to medical education. International Review of Applied Psychology, 24, 61–70.

Royal, L., Jessen, B. & Wilkins, M. (1984). Motion sickness susceptibility in student navigators. Aviation Space & Environmental Medicine, 55, 277–280.

Rubin, J. & Cruse, D. (1973). Police behavior: II. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 1, 353–375.

Saccuzzo, D. P., Higgins, G. & Lewandowski, D. (1974). Program for psychological assessment of law enforcement officers: Initial evaluation. Psychological Reports, 35, 651–654.

Saxe, S. J. & Reiser, M. (1976). A comparison of three police applicant groups using the MMPI. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 4, 419–425.

Schaugaard, M.J. (1999).  Detection of MMPI-2 faked, honest response, and archival comparison group membership.  Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering,  60(3), 1314

Schmit, M. J. & Stanard, S. J. (1996).  The utility of personality inventories in the employee assistance process: A study of EAP referred police officers.  Employee Assistance Quarterly,  11(4), 21–42.

Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J. & Rosenberg, S. D. (1993). Preliminary MMPI scores as predictors of combat-related PTSD symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 479–483.

Schnurr, P. P., Rosenberg, S. D. & Friedman, M. J. (1993). Change in MMPI scores from college to adulthood as a function of military service. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 288–296.

Schoenfeld, L. S., Kobos, J. C. & Phinney, I. R. (1980). Screening police applicants: A study of reliability with the MMPI. Psychological Reports, 47, 419–425.

Schofield, W. (1953). A study of medical students with the MMPI: II. Group and individual changes after two years. Journal of Psychology, 36, 137–141.

Schofield, W. (1953). A study of medical students with the MMPI: I. Scale norms and profile patterns. Journal of Psychology, 36, 59–65.

Schofield, W. (1953). A study of medical students with the MMPI: III. Personality and academic success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 37, 47–52.

Schofield, W. (1970). A modified actuarial method in the selection of medical students. Journal of Medical Education, 45, 740–744.

Schofield, W. M. J. C. (1966). The use of scholastic aptitude, personality, and interest test data in the selection of medical students. Journal of Medical Education, 41, 502–509.

Schonfield, J. & Donner, L. (1972). The effect of serving as a psychotherapist on students with different specialty preferences. Journal of Medical Education, 47, 203–209.

Scogin, F., Schumacher, J., Gardner, J. & Chaplin, W. (1995). Predictive validity of psychological testing in law enforcement settings. Professional Psychology - Research & Practice, 26, 68–71.

Sellbom, M., Fischler, G. L., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (2007). Identifying MMPI-2 Predictors of Police Officer Integrity and Misconduct. Criminal Justice and Behavior.

Shusman, E. J., Inwald, R. E. & Knatz, H. F. (1987). A cross-validation study of police recruit performance as predicted by the IPI and MMPI. Journal of Police Science & Administration, 15, 162–169.

Shusman, E. J., Inwald, R. E. & Landa, B. (1984). Correction officer job performance as predicted by the IPI and the MMPI: A validation and cross-validation study. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 11, 309–329.

Siem, F. M. (1996). The use of response latencies to enhance self-report personality measures. Military Psychology, 8, 15–27.

Simono, R. (1978). Careers in the clergy: The myth of femininity. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 38, 507–511.

Sinnett, E. R., Holen, M.C. & Heil, M.C.  (1996). Does the MMPI PTSD-PK Scale measure robustness? Psychological Reports, 79, 211–217.

Steiner, J., Jarvis, M. & Parrish, J. (1970). Risk-taking and arousal regulation. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 43, 333–348.

Stenson, H., Kleinmuntz, B. & Scott, B. (1975). Personality assessment as a signal detection task. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 43, 794–799.

Stone, H. W. (1989). A 25-year study of the changes in those who enter ministry. Journal of Pastoral Psychotherapy, 2, 13–26.

Stone, H. W. (1989). Female and male called to ministry. Journal of Pastoral Psychotherapy, 2, 27–43.

Stone, H. W. (1989). Liberals and conservatives: Differences in demographic characteristics, interests, and service orientation among those entering ministry. Journal of Psychology & Christianity, 8, 24–37.

Stone, H. W. (1990). Seminary drop-outs: A study in predictability. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 18, 270–278.

Stone, L. A. (1973). Psychological test characteristics associated with training-success in a MEDEX (physician's extension) training program. Psychological Reports, 32, 231–234.

Thomas-Riddle, F. & Robin, T. (2000).  The relationship between life stress, work stress, and traumatic stress and burnout and cynicism in police officers.  Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences & Engineering,  60(9), 2356

Varela, J. G., Scogin, F. R. & Vipperman, R. K. (1999). Development and preliminary validation of a semi-structured interview for the screening of law enforcement candidates. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 17, 467–481.

Vaughan, R. P. (1963). The effect of stress on the MMPI scales K and D. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, 432.

Vaughan, R. P. (1970). Seminary training and personality change. Religious Education, 65, 56–59.

Viglione, D. J., Fals-Stewart, W. & Moxham, E. (1995). Maximizing internal and external validity in MMPI malingering research: A study of a military population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 502–513.

Walters, G. D. (1985). Scale 4 (Pd) of the MMPI and the diagnosis Antisocial Personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 474–476.

Walters, G. D., Scrapansky, T. A. & Marrlow, G. A. (1986). The emotionally disturbed military criminal offender: Identification, background, and institutional adjustment. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 13, 261–285.

Westefeld, J. S. & Maples, M. (1998). The MMPI-2 and vocational assessment: A brief report. Journal of Career Assessment, 6(1), 107–113.

Wheatley, R.D.  (1984) Psychometric evaluation of head injury among fliers referred to the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine.  USAF School of Aerospace Medicine Technical Report, 84–47.

Wiggins, N. & Kolen, E.S.  (1971). Man versus model of man revisited: The forecasting of graduate school success. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 19, 100–106.

Winstead, D. K., Lawson, T. & Abbott, D. (1976). Diazepam use in military sick call. Military Medicine, 141, 180–181.

Woods, S. & Natterson, J. (1967). Sexual attitudes of medical students-some implications for medical education. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 323–332.

Woods, S., Natterson, J. & Silverman, J. (1966). Medical students' disease—hypochondriasis in medical education. Journal of Medical Education, 41, 785–790.

Zacker, J. (1997). Rorschach responses of police applicants. Psychological Reports, 80, 523–528.

Zeldow, P. B. (1975). Clinical judgment: A search for sex differences. Psychological Reports, 37, 1135–1142.

Back to top

16 Personality Factor (16PF)

Back to top

Adult Personality - Adolescent Personality - Biopsychosocial - Careers - Achievement/Cognitive
Home - News - Products A to Z - Ordering - Resources - Scoring - Support - Contact